Networking Concepts: Difference between revisions

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This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.
This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.


=== Network Fundamentals ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
* [[OSI Model]] and [[TCP/IP Stack]]
! Concept !! Description
* [[IP Addressing]] (IPv4 vs IPv6), [[CIDR Notation]], [[Subnets]]
|-
* [[MAC Addressing]] and [[ARP Protocol]]
| [[OSI Model]] || A layered framework that defines how network protocols interact, from physical signals to applications.
* [[NAT]], [[PAT]], and [[Routing Basics]]
|-
* [[MTU]] and [[Packet Fragmentation]]
| [[TCP/IP Stack]] || The practical implementation of networking used on the Internet, based on four layers: Link, Internet, Transport, and Application.
|-
| [[IP Addressing]] || Numerical labels (IPv4 or IPv6) assigned to devices on a network to identify and locate them.
|-
| [[CIDR Notation]] || A compact representation of IP addresses and their associated subnet masks (e.g., `192.168.1.0/24`).
|-
| [[Subnets]] || Smaller divisions of a network to organize devices and manage traffic more efficiently.
|-
| [[MAC Addressing]] || Hardware-level identifiers unique to each network interface card (NIC); used within local networks.
|-
| [[ARP Protocol]] || Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network.
|-
| [[Routing Basics]] || The process of selecting paths in a network to send data from one device to another.
|-
| [[NAT]] || Network Address Translation hides internal IPs behind a single public IP to conserve address space.
|-
| [[PAT]] || Port Address Translation allows multiple devices on a local network to share one public IP using port numbers.
|-
| [[MTU]] || Maximum Transmission Unit defines the largest size a packet can be before it’s fragmented.
|-
| [[Packet Fragmentation]] || When packets exceed the MTU size, they’re split into smaller fragments for transmission.
|}


=== Protocol Behavior ===
=== Protocol Behavior ===

Revision as of 11:42, 7 June 2025

Networking Concepts

Understanding network fundamentals is essential for reconnaissance, lateral movement, and post-exploitation. Knowing how IP addressing, protocols, routing, and ports function allows attackers to discover services, manipulate traffic, tunnel covertly, and evade detection.

This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.

Concept Description
OSI Model A layered framework that defines how network protocols interact, from physical signals to applications.
TCP/IP Stack The practical implementation of networking used on the Internet, based on four layers: Link, Internet, Transport, and Application.
IP Addressing Numerical labels (IPv4 or IPv6) assigned to devices on a network to identify and locate them.
CIDR Notation A compact representation of IP addresses and their associated subnet masks (e.g., `192.168.1.0/24`).
Subnets Smaller divisions of a network to organize devices and manage traffic more efficiently.
MAC Addressing Hardware-level identifiers unique to each network interface card (NIC); used within local networks.
ARP Protocol Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network.
Routing Basics The process of selecting paths in a network to send data from one device to another.
NAT Network Address Translation hides internal IPs behind a single public IP to conserve address space.
PAT Port Address Translation allows multiple devices on a local network to share one public IP using port numbers.
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit defines the largest size a packet can be before it’s fragmented.
Packet Fragmentation When packets exceed the MTU size, they’re split into smaller fragments for transmission.

Protocol Behavior

Transport & Application Protocols

Port Overview

Understanding ports and services is critical for network reconnaissance and service identification.

Port Protocol Common Service Description
20, 21 TCP FTP File Transfer Protocol – used for transferring files
22 TCP SSH Secure Shell – remote access to systems
23 TCP Telnet Unencrypted remote login service
25 TCP SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – sending emails
53 UDP/TCP DNS Domain Name System – resolves domain names to IP addresses
67, 68 UDP DHCP Assigns IP addresses automatically
69 UDP TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol – lightweight file transfers
80 TCP HTTP Standard web traffic
110 TCP POP3 Email retrieval
123 UDP NTP Clock synchronization
135 TCP RPC Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
137–139 UDP/TCP NetBIOS Windows NetBIOS services (name resolution, session services)
143 TCP IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol – email
161, 162 UDP SNMP Device monitoring
389 TCP/UDP LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
443 TCP HTTPS Encrypted HTTP via TLS
445 TCP SMB Windows file/printer sharing
465 TCP SMTPS Secure SMTP (over SSL)
514 UDP Syslog Logging protocol for network devices
587 TCP SMTP Submission Mail submission with STARTTLS
636 TCP LDAPS Secure LDAP (over SSL)
993 TCP IMAPS Secure IMAP (over SSL)
995 TCP POP3S Secure POP3 (over SSL)
1433 TCP MSSQL Microsoft SQL Server
1521 TCP Oracle DB Oracle Database listener
1723 TCP PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (VPN)
1883 TCP MQTT Lightweight messaging protocol for IoT
2049 TCP/UDP NFS Network File System
3128 TCP Squid Proxy Default Squid proxy port
3306 TCP MySQL MySQL database service
3389 TCP RDP Windows remote access
3690 TCP SVN Subversion version control
4444 TCP Metasploit Common port for reverse shells and Metasploit handlers
5060 UDP/TCP SIP Session Initiation Protocol – VoIP signaling
5900 TCP VNC Virtual Network Computing remote desktop
5985, 5986 TCP WinRM Windows Remote Management – HTTP/HTTPS
6379 TCP Redis In-memory key-value data store
8000 TCP HTTP-Alt Alternate HTTP services
8080 TCP HTTP-Alt Proxy or alternate web services
8443 TCP HTTPS-Alt Alternate HTTPS with TLS
9000 TCP PHP-FPM FastCGI Process Manager for PHP
9200 TCP Elasticsearch REST API for Elasticsearch nodes
11211 TCP Memcached High-performance caching system
27017 TCP MongoDB NoSQL database used in many web apps

IPv6 Considerations

Diagnostic & Monitoring Tools

Packet Crafting & Manipulation

Tunneling & Encapsulation

Network Security Devices & Controls

Packet Capture & Analysis

  • tcpdump, Wireshark, pcap files
  • Common filters: `tcp.port == 80`, `ip.addr == 192.168.1.1`, `dns.qry.name`

Network Mapping & Visualization

Protocol References

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