Networking Concepts: Difference between revisions

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| 67, 68 || UDP || [[DHCP]] || Assigns IP addresses automatically
| 67, 68 || UDP || [[DHCP]] || Assigns IP addresses automatically
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| 69 || UDP || [[TFTP]] || Trivial File Transfer Protocol – lightweight file transfers
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| 80 || TCP || [[HTTP]] || Standard web traffic
| 80 || TCP || [[HTTP]] || Standard web traffic
Line 49: Line 51:
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| 123 || UDP || [[NTP]] || Clock synchronization
| 123 || UDP || [[NTP]] || Clock synchronization
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| 135 || TCP || [[RPC]] || Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
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| 137–139 || UDP/TCP || [[NetBIOS]] || Windows NetBIOS services (name resolution, session services)
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| 143 || TCP || [[IMAP]] || Internet Message Access Protocol – email
| 143 || TCP || [[IMAP]] || Internet Message Access Protocol – email
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| 161, 162 || UDP || [[SNMP]] || Device monitoring
| 161, 162 || UDP || [[SNMP]] || Device monitoring
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| 389 || TCP/UDP || [[LDAP]] || Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
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| 443 || TCP || [[HTTPS]] || Encrypted HTTP via TLS
| 443 || TCP || [[HTTPS]] || Encrypted HTTP via TLS
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| 445 || TCP || [[SMB]] || Windows file/printer sharing
| 445 || TCP || [[SMB]] || Windows file/printer sharing
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| 465 || TCP || [[SMTPS]] || Secure SMTP (over SSL)
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| 514 || UDP || [[Syslog]] || Logging protocol for network devices
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| 587 || TCP || [[SMTP Submission]] || Mail submission with STARTTLS
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| 636 || TCP || [[LDAPS]] || Secure LDAP (over SSL)
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| 993 || TCP || [[IMAPS]] || Secure IMAP (over SSL)
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| 995 || TCP || [[POP3S]] || Secure POP3 (over SSL)
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| 1433 || TCP || [[MSSQL]] || Microsoft SQL Server
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| 1521 || TCP || [[Oracle DB]] || Oracle Database listener
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| 1723 || TCP || [[PPTP]] || Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (VPN)
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| 1883 || TCP || [[MQTT]] || Lightweight messaging protocol for IoT
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| 2049 || TCP/UDP || [[NFS]] || Network File System
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| 3128 || TCP || [[Squid Proxy]] || Default Squid proxy port
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| 3306 || TCP || [[MySQL]] || MySQL database service
| 3306 || TCP || [[MySQL]] || MySQL database service
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| 3389 || TCP || [[RDP]] || Windows remote access
| 3389 || TCP || [[RDP]] || Windows remote access
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| 3690 || TCP || [[SVN]] || Subversion version control
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| 4444 || TCP || [[Metasploit]] || Common port for reverse shells and Metasploit handlers
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| 5060 || UDP/TCP || [[SIP]] || Session Initiation Protocol – VoIP signaling
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| 5900 || TCP || [[VNC]] || Virtual Network Computing remote desktop
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| 5985, 5986 || TCP || [[WinRM]] || Windows Remote Management – HTTP/HTTPS
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| 6379 || TCP || [[Redis]] || In-memory key-value data store
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| 8000 || TCP || [[HTTP-Alt]] || Alternate HTTP services
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| 8080 || TCP || [[HTTP-Alt]] || Proxy or alternate web services
| 8080 || TCP || [[HTTP-Alt]] || Proxy or alternate web services
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| 8443 || TCP || [[HTTPS-Alt]] || Alternate HTTPS with TLS
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| 9000 || TCP || [[PHP-FPM]] || FastCGI Process Manager for PHP
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| 9200 || TCP || [[Elasticsearch]] || REST API for Elasticsearch nodes
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| 11211 || TCP || [[Memcached]] || High-performance caching system
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| 27017 || TCP || [[MongoDB]] || NoSQL database used in many web apps
|}
|}


Revision as of 02:34, 29 May 2025

Networking Concepts

Understanding network fundamentals is essential for reconnaissance, lateral movement, and post-exploitation. Knowing how IP addressing, protocols, routing, and ports function allows attackers to discover services, manipulate traffic, tunnel covertly, and evade detection.

This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.

Network Fundamentals

Protocol Behavior

Transport & Application Protocols

Port Overview

Understanding ports and services is critical for network reconnaissance and service identification.

Port Protocol Common Service Description
20, 21 TCP FTP File Transfer Protocol – used for transferring files
22 TCP SSH Secure Shell – remote access to systems
23 TCP Telnet Unencrypted remote login service
25 TCP SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – sending emails
53 UDP/TCP DNS Domain Name System – resolves domain names to IP addresses
67, 68 UDP DHCP Assigns IP addresses automatically
69 UDP TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol – lightweight file transfers
80 TCP HTTP Standard web traffic
110 TCP POP3 Email retrieval
123 UDP NTP Clock synchronization
135 TCP RPC Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
137–139 UDP/TCP NetBIOS Windows NetBIOS services (name resolution, session services)
143 TCP IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol – email
161, 162 UDP SNMP Device monitoring
389 TCP/UDP LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
443 TCP HTTPS Encrypted HTTP via TLS
445 TCP SMB Windows file/printer sharing
465 TCP SMTPS Secure SMTP (over SSL)
514 UDP Syslog Logging protocol for network devices
587 TCP SMTP Submission Mail submission with STARTTLS
636 TCP LDAPS Secure LDAP (over SSL)
993 TCP IMAPS Secure IMAP (over SSL)
995 TCP POP3S Secure POP3 (over SSL)
1433 TCP MSSQL Microsoft SQL Server
1521 TCP Oracle DB Oracle Database listener
1723 TCP PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (VPN)
1883 TCP MQTT Lightweight messaging protocol for IoT
2049 TCP/UDP NFS Network File System
3128 TCP Squid Proxy Default Squid proxy port
3306 TCP MySQL MySQL database service
3389 TCP RDP Windows remote access
3690 TCP SVN Subversion version control
4444 TCP Metasploit Common port for reverse shells and Metasploit handlers
5060 UDP/TCP SIP Session Initiation Protocol – VoIP signaling
5900 TCP VNC Virtual Network Computing remote desktop
5985, 5986 TCP WinRM Windows Remote Management – HTTP/HTTPS
6379 TCP Redis In-memory key-value data store
8000 TCP HTTP-Alt Alternate HTTP services
8080 TCP HTTP-Alt Proxy or alternate web services
8443 TCP HTTPS-Alt Alternate HTTPS with TLS
9000 TCP PHP-FPM FastCGI Process Manager for PHP
9200 TCP Elasticsearch REST API for Elasticsearch nodes
11211 TCP Memcached High-performance caching system
27017 TCP MongoDB NoSQL database used in many web apps

IPv6 Considerations

Diagnostic & Monitoring Tools

Packet Crafting & Manipulation

Tunneling & Encapsulation

Network Security Devices & Controls

Packet Capture & Analysis

  • tcpdump, Wireshark, pcap files
  • Common filters: `tcp.port == 80`, `ip.addr == 192.168.1.1`, `dns.qry.name`

Network Mapping & Visualization

Protocol References

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