Basic Linux Commands: Difference between revisions

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! Command !! Description !! Usage
! Command !! Description !! Usage
|-
|-
| [[#ex-pwd|<code>pwd</code>]] || Print working directory || pwd [OPTIONS]
| [[#ex-pwd|<code>pwd</code>]] || Print working directory || <code>pwd [OPTIONS]</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-cd|<code>cd</code>]] || Change directory || cd [DIRECTORY]
| [[#ex-cd|<code>cd</code>]] || Change directory || <code>cd [DIRECTORY]</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-ls|<code>ls</code>]] || List directory contents || ls [OPTIONS] [FILE...]
| [[#ex-ls|<code>ls</code>]] || List directory contents || <code>ls [OPTIONS] [FILE...]</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-mkdir|<code>mkdir</code>]] || Create directory || mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY
| [[#ex-mkdir|<code>mkdir</code>]] || Create directory || <code>mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-rmdir|<code>rmdir</code>]] || Remove empty directory || rmdir DIRECTORY
| [[#ex-rmdir|<code>rmdir</code>]] || Remove empty directory || <code>rmdir DIRECTORY</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-cp|<code>cp</code>]] || Copy files or directories || cp SOURCE DEST
| [[#ex-cp|<code>cp</code>]] || Copy files or directories || <code>cp SOURCE DEST</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-mv|<code>mv</code>]] || Move or rename files/directories || mv SOURCE DEST
| [[#ex-mv|<code>mv</code>]] || Move or rename files/directories || <code>mv SOURCE DEST</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-rm|<code>rm</code>]] || Delete files or directories || rm [OPTIONS] FILE...
| [[#ex-rm|<code>rm</code>]] || Delete files or directories || <code>rm [OPTIONS] FILE...</code>
|}
|}


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! Command !! Description !! Usage
! Command !! Description !! Usage
|-
|-
| [[#ex-cat|<code>cat</code>]] || Concatenate & display files || cat [OPTIONS] FILE...
| [[#ex-cat|<code>cat</code>]] || Concatenate & display files || <code>cat [OPTIONS] FILE...</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-less|<code>less</code>]] || Paginate large files || less FILE
| [[#ex-less|<code>less</code>]] || Paginate large files || <code>less FILE</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-head|<code>head</code>]] || Show first lines of a file || head [OPTIONS] FILE
| [[#ex-head|<code>head</code>]] || Show first lines of a file || <code>head [OPTIONS] FILE</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-tail|<code>tail</code>]] || Show last lines / follow file || tail [OPTIONS] FILE
| [[#ex-tail|<code>tail</code>]] || Show last lines / follow file || <code>tail [OPTIONS] FILE</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-grep|<code>grep</code>]] || Search for patterns || grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN FILE
| [[#ex-grep|<code>grep</code>]] || Search for patterns || <code>grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN FILE</code>
|}
|}


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! Command !! Description !! Usage
! Command !! Description !! Usage
|-
|-
| [[#ex-whoami|<code>whoami</code>]] || Show current user || whoami
| [[#ex-whoami|<code>whoami</code>]] || Show current user || <code>whoami</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-id|<code>id</code>]] || Display user/group IDs || id [USERNAME]
| [[#ex-id|<code>id</code>]] || Display user/group IDs || <code>id [USERNAME]</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-df|<code>df</code>]] || Disk usage overview || df [OPTIONS]
| [[#ex-df|<code>df</code>]] || Disk usage overview || <code>df [OPTIONS]</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-history|<code>history</code>]] || List previously executed commands || history
| [[#ex-history|<code>history</code>]] || List previously executed commands || <code>history</code>
|}
|}


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! Command !! Description !! Usage
! Command !! Description !! Usage
|-
|-
| [[#ex-ping|<code>ping</code>]] || Test network connectivity (ICMP) || ping [OPTIONS] DESTINATION
| [[#ex-ping|<code>ping</code>]] || Test network connectivity (ICMP) || <code>ping [OPTIONS] DESTINATION</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-curl|<code>curl</code>]] || Retrieve data from URLs / APIs || curl [OPTIONS] URL
| [[#ex-curl|<code>curl</code>]] || Retrieve data from URLs / APIs || <code>curl [OPTIONS] URL</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-ssh|<code>ssh</code>]] || Secure remote shell & tunnelling || ssh [OPTIONS] USER@HOST
| [[#ex-ssh|<code>ssh</code>]] || Secure remote shell & tunnelling || <code>ssh [OPTIONS] USER@HOST</code>
|}
|}


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! Command !! Description !! Usage
! Command !! Description !! Usage
|-
|-
| [[#ex-man|<code>man</code>]] || Read manual pages || man COMMAND
| [[#ex-man|<code>man</code>]] || Read manual pages || <code>man COMMAND</code>
|-
|-
| [[#ex-echo|<code>echo</code>]] || Display text / variables || echo [STRING]
| [[#ex-echo|<code>echo</code>]] || Display text / variables || <code>echo [STRING]</code>
|}
 
|}
|}


Revision as of 18:51, 12 May 2025

Linux Commands

Linux command‑line tools are the backbone of reconnaissance, exploitation, and post‑exploitation on Unix‑like systems.

Common Commands

Navigation & File Management

Command Description Usage
pwd Print working directory pwd [OPTIONS]
cd Change directory cd [DIRECTORY]
ls List directory contents ls [OPTIONS] [FILE...]
mkdir Create directory mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY
rmdir Remove empty directory rmdir DIRECTORY
cp Copy files or directories cp SOURCE DEST
mv Move or rename files/directories mv SOURCE DEST
rm Delete files or directories rm [OPTIONS] FILE...

Viewing & Text Processing

Command Description Usage
cat Concatenate & display files cat [OPTIONS] FILE...
less Paginate large files less FILE
head Show first lines of a file head [OPTIONS] FILE
tail Show last lines / follow file tail [OPTIONS] FILE
grep Search for patterns grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN FILE

System & User Info

Command Description Usage
whoami Show current user whoami
id Display user/group IDs id [USERNAME]
df Disk usage overview df [OPTIONS]
history List previously executed commands history

Networking

Command Description Usage
ping Test network connectivity (ICMP) ping [OPTIONS] DESTINATION
curl Retrieve data from URLs / APIs curl [OPTIONS] URL
ssh Secure remote shell & tunnelling ssh [OPTIONS] USER@HOST

Help & Documentation

Command Description Usage
man Read manual pages man COMMAND
echo Display text / variables echo [STRING]

|}

Examples

Print Working Directory

pwd

↑ Commands

Change Directory

cd /var/www

↑ Commands

List All Files (long + hidden)

ls -la

↑ Commands

Create Directory

mkdir backups

↑ Commands

Remove Empty Directory

rmdir backups

↑ Commands

Copy File

cp secrets.txt /tmp/secrets.bak

↑ Commands

Move & Rename

mv old.log archive/old.log

↑ Commands

Force‑Delete Directory

rm -rf /tmp/testdir

↑ Commands

Show File Contents

cat /etc/passwd | grep ":/bin/bash"

↑ Commands

View Large Log

less /var/log/auth.log

↑ Commands

First 10 Lines

head -n 10 notes.txt

↑ Commands

Follow File Growth

tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log

↑ Commands

Search Pattern

grep -R \"passwd\" /etc

↑ Commands

Current User

whoami

↑ Commands

User & Group IDs

id

↑ Commands

Human‑Readable Disk Usage

df -h

↑ Commands

Show Last 20 Commands

history | tail -n 20

↑ Commands

Ping Host 4 Times

ping -c 4 example.com

↑ Commands

Download Web Page

curl -o index.html http://example.com

↑ Commands

SSH on Custom Port

ssh -p 2222 user@target

↑ Commands

Read Manual Page

man ssh

↑ Commands

Write to File

echo \"hacked\" > /tmp/proof.txt

↑ Commands

See Also

Retrieved from "https://hackops.wiki/index.php?title=Basic_Linux_Commands&oldid=42"