Networking Concepts: Difference between revisions

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This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.
This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Concept !! Description
|-
| [[OSI Model]] || Identifies where to inspect, disrupt, or manipulate traffic across layers.
|-
| [[TCP/IP Stack]] || Shows how real-world protocols interact and where tools operate.
|-
| [[UDP Protocol]] || Explains fast, connectionless traffic used in DNS, VoIP, and amplification attacks.
|-
| [[IP Addressing]] || Core to scanning, access targeting, and pivoting.
|-
| [[Subnetting]] || Defines internal boundaries useful for lateral movement.
|-
| [[CIDR Notation]] || Helps calculate scan ranges and filter scopes.
|-
| [[MAC Addressing]] || Used for impersonation and local device spoofing.
|-
| [[ARP Protocol]] || Enables redirection and interception on local networks.
|-
| [[Routing Basics]] || Explains packet paths across and between networks.
|-
| [[NAT]] || Masks internal systems; relevant for ingress and egress control.
|-
| [[LAN Topologies]] || Reveals traffic flow, bottlenecks, and broadcast domains.
|}


=== 1. Network Fundamentals ===
* [[OSI Model]] and [[TCP/IP Stack]]
* [[IP Addressing]] (IPv4 vs IPv6), [[CIDR Notation]], [[Subnets]]
* [[MAC Addressing]] and [[ARP Protocol]]
* [[NAT]], [[PAT]], and [[Routing Basics]]
* [[MTU]] and [[Packet Fragmentation]]


=== 2. Protocol Behavior ===
 
=== Protocol Behavior ===
* [[TCP Protocol]] and [[TCP Three-Way Handshake]]
* [[TCP Protocol]] and [[TCP Three-Way Handshake]]
* [[UDP Protocol]] and stateless behavior
* [[UDP Protocol]] and stateless behavior
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* [[DNS Resolution]] and record types ([[A Record]], [[CNAME]], [[MX]], [[TXT]])
* [[DNS Resolution]] and record types ([[A Record]], [[CNAME]], [[MX]], [[TXT]])


=== 3. Transport & Application Protocols ===
=== Transport & Application Protocols ===
* [[TCP vs UDP vs SCTP]] – flow control and reliability
* [[TCP vs UDP vs SCTP]] – flow control and reliability
* [[HTTP Protocols]]: HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, [[HTTP/3 (QUIC)]]
* [[HTTP Protocols]]: HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, [[HTTP/3 (QUIC)]]
* [[Making HTTP Requests]]
* [[TLS 1.3]], cipher suites, and [[Forward Secrecy]]
* [[TLS 1.3]], cipher suites, and [[Forward Secrecy]]
* [[SMB Protocol]], [[LDAP]], [[Kerberos Authentication]]
* [[SMB Protocol]], [[LDAP]], [[Kerberos Authentication]]
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* [[DNSSEC]], [[DoT]], [[DoH]]
* [[DNSSEC]], [[DoT]], [[DoH]]


=== 4. Port Overview ===
=== Port Overview ===
Understanding ports and services is critical for network reconnaissance and service identification.
Understanding ports and services is critical for network reconnaissance and service identification.


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|-
|-
| 67, 68 || UDP || [[DHCP]] || Assigns IP addresses automatically
| 67, 68 || UDP || [[DHCP]] || Assigns IP addresses automatically
|-
| 69 || UDP || [[TFTP]] || Trivial File Transfer Protocol – lightweight file transfers
|-
|-
| 80 || TCP || [[HTTP]] || Standard web traffic
| 80 || TCP || [[HTTP]] || Standard web traffic
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|-
|-
| 123 || UDP || [[NTP]] || Clock synchronization
| 123 || UDP || [[NTP]] || Clock synchronization
|-
| 135 || TCP || [[RPC]] || Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
|-
| 137–139 || UDP/TCP || [[NetBIOS]] || Windows NetBIOS services (name resolution, session services)
|-
|-
| 143 || TCP || [[IMAP]] || Internet Message Access Protocol – email
| 143 || TCP || [[IMAP]] || Internet Message Access Protocol – email
|-
|-
| 161, 162 || UDP || [[SNMP]] || Device monitoring
| 161, 162 || UDP || [[SNMP]] || Device monitoring
|-
| 389 || TCP/UDP || [[LDAP]] || Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
|-
|-
| 443 || TCP || [[HTTPS]] || Encrypted HTTP via TLS
| 443 || TCP || [[HTTPS]] || Encrypted HTTP via TLS
|-
|-
| 445 || TCP || [[SMB]] || Windows file/printer sharing
| 445 || TCP || [[SMB]] || Windows file/printer sharing
|-
| 465 || TCP || [[SMTPS]] || Secure SMTP (over SSL)
|-
| 514 || UDP || [[Syslog]] || Logging protocol for network devices
|-
| 587 || TCP || [[SMTP Submission]] || Mail submission with STARTTLS
|-
| 636 || TCP || [[LDAPS]] || Secure LDAP (over SSL)
|-
| 993 || TCP || [[IMAPS]] || Secure IMAP (over SSL)
|-
| 995 || TCP || [[POP3S]] || Secure POP3 (over SSL)
|-
| 1433 || TCP || [[MSSQL]] || Microsoft SQL Server
|-
| 1521 || TCP || [[Oracle DB]] || Oracle Database listener
|-
| 1723 || TCP || [[PPTP]] || Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (VPN)
|-
| 1883 || TCP || [[MQTT]] || Lightweight messaging protocol for IoT
|-
| 2049 || TCP/UDP || [[NFS]] || Network File System
|-
| 3128 || TCP || [[Squid Proxy]] || Default Squid proxy port
|-
|-
| 3306 || TCP || [[MySQL]] || MySQL database service
| 3306 || TCP || [[MySQL]] || MySQL database service
|-
|-
| 3389 || TCP || [[RDP]] || Windows remote access
| 3389 || TCP || [[RDP]] || Windows remote access
|-
| 3690 || TCP || [[SVN]] || Subversion version control
|-
| 4444 || TCP || [[Metasploit]] || Common port for reverse shells and Metasploit handlers
|-
| 5060 || UDP/TCP || [[SIP]] || Session Initiation Protocol – VoIP signaling
|-
| 5900 || TCP || [[VNC]] || Virtual Network Computing remote desktop
|-
| 5985, 5986 || TCP || [[WinRM]] || Windows Remote Management – HTTP/HTTPS
|-
| 6379 || TCP || [[Redis]] || In-memory key-value data store
|-
| 8000 || TCP || [[HTTP-Alt]] || Alternate HTTP services
|-
|-
| 8080 || TCP || [[HTTP-Alt]] || Proxy or alternate web services
| 8080 || TCP || [[HTTP-Alt]] || Proxy or alternate web services
|-
| 8443 || TCP || [[HTTPS-Alt]] || Alternate HTTPS with TLS
|-
| 9000 || TCP || [[PHP-FPM]] || FastCGI Process Manager for PHP
|-
| 9200 || TCP || [[Elasticsearch]] || REST API for Elasticsearch nodes
|-
| 11211 || TCP || [[Memcached]] || High-performance caching system
|-
| 27017 || TCP || [[MongoDB]] || NoSQL database used in many web apps
|}
|}


=== 5. IPv6 Considerations ===
=== IPv6 Considerations ===
* [[IPv6 Addressing]]: link-local vs global
* [[IPv6 Addressing]]: link-local vs global
* [[Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)]] and [[SLAAC]]
* [[Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)]] and [[SLAAC]]
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* [[IPv6 Attack Surface]] – RA spoofing, header chains
* [[IPv6 Attack Surface]] – RA spoofing, header chains


=== 6. Diagnostic & Monitoring Tools ===
=== Diagnostic & Monitoring Tools ===
* [[ping]], [[traceroute]] / [[tracert]]
* [[ping]], [[traceroute]] / [[tracert]]
* [[netstat]] / [[ss]], [[ip]] / [[ifconfig]]
* [[netstat]] / [[ss]], [[ip]] / [[ifconfig]]
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* [[nc]] / [[netcat]], [[hping3]], [[scapy]]
* [[nc]] / [[netcat]], [[hping3]], [[scapy]]


=== 7. Packet Crafting & Manipulation ===
=== Packet Crafting & Manipulation ===
* [[TCP/UDP Floods]], [[Fragmentation Attacks]]
* [[TCP/UDP Floods]], [[Fragmentation Attacks]]
* [[Packet Replay]], [[TTL Analysis]]
* [[Packet Replay]], [[TTL Analysis]]
* Tools: [[scapy]], [[hping3]], [[nping]]
* Tools: [[scapy]], [[hping3]], [[nping]]


=== 8. Tunneling & Encapsulation ===
=== Tunneling & Encapsulation ===
* [[SSH Tunneling]] (local/remote/SOCKS)
* [[SSH Tunneling]] (local/remote/SOCKS)
* VPNs: [[IPsec]], [[OpenVPN]], [[WireGuard]]
* VPNs: [[IPsec]], [[OpenVPN]], [[WireGuard]]
* [[DNS]], [[ICMP]], [[HTTP Tunneling]]
* [[DNS Tunneling]], [[ICMP Tunneling]], [[HTTP Tunneling]]
* Overlay protocols: [[GRE]], [[VXLAN]], [[GENEVE]]
* Overlay protocols: [[GRE]], [[VXLAN]], [[GENEVE]]
* Tools: [[ssh]], [[stunnel]], [[iodine]], [[chisel]]
* Tools: [[ssh]], [[stunnel]], [[iodine]], [[chisel]]


=== 9. Network Security Devices & Controls ===
=== Network Security Devices & Controls ===
* [[Stateless vs Stateful Firewalls]]
* [[Stateless vs Stateful Firewalls]]
* [[IDS]] / [[IPS]] (Snort, Suricata)
* [[IDS]] / [[IPS]] (Snort, Suricata)
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* [[Load Balancers]] – L4 vs L7
* [[Load Balancers]] – L4 vs L7


=== 10. Packet Capture & Analysis ===
=== Packet Capture & Analysis ===
* [[tcpdump]], [[Wireshark]], [[pcap]] files
* [[tcpdump]], [[Wireshark]], [[pcap]] files
* Common filters: `tcp.port == 80`, `ip.addr == 192.168.1.1`, `dns.qry.name`
* Common filters: `tcp.port == 80`, `ip.addr == 192.168.1.1`, `dns.qry.name`


=== 11. Network Mapping & Visualization ===
=== Network Mapping & Visualization ===
* [[Nmap]], [[Netdiscover]], [[Zenmap]]
* [[Nmap]], [[Netdiscover]], [[Zenmap]]
* [[Traceroute]] topology graphs
* [[Traceroute]] topology graphs


=== 12. Protocol References ===
=== Protocol References ===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers Wikipedia: Port List]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers Wikipedia: Port List]
* [https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml IANA Registry]
* [https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml IANA Registry]
* [https://speedguide.net/port.php SpeedGuide Reference]
* [https://speedguide.net/port.php SpeedGuide Reference]

Latest revision as of 14:08, 14 June 2025

Networking Concepts[edit | edit source]

Understanding network fundamentals is essential for reconnaissance, lateral movement, and post-exploitation. Knowing how IP addressing, protocols, routing, and ports function allows attackers to discover services, manipulate traffic, tunnel covertly, and evade detection.

This section provides a structured overview of the core principles and tools used to analyze, interact with, and exploit networks in real-world offensive operations.

Concept Description
OSI Model Identifies where to inspect, disrupt, or manipulate traffic across layers.
TCP/IP Stack Shows how real-world protocols interact and where tools operate.
UDP Protocol Explains fast, connectionless traffic used in DNS, VoIP, and amplification attacks.
IP Addressing Core to scanning, access targeting, and pivoting.
Subnetting Defines internal boundaries useful for lateral movement.
CIDR Notation Helps calculate scan ranges and filter scopes.
MAC Addressing Used for impersonation and local device spoofing.
ARP Protocol Enables redirection and interception on local networks.
Routing Basics Explains packet paths across and between networks.
NAT Masks internal systems; relevant for ingress and egress control.
LAN Topologies Reveals traffic flow, bottlenecks, and broadcast domains.


Protocol Behavior[edit | edit source]

Transport & Application Protocols[edit | edit source]

Port Overview[edit | edit source]

Understanding ports and services is critical for network reconnaissance and service identification.

Port Protocol Common Service Description
20, 21 TCP FTP File Transfer Protocol – used for transferring files
22 TCP SSH Secure Shell – remote access to systems
23 TCP Telnet Unencrypted remote login service
25 TCP SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – sending emails
53 UDP/TCP DNS Domain Name System – resolves domain names to IP addresses
67, 68 UDP DHCP Assigns IP addresses automatically
69 UDP TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol – lightweight file transfers
80 TCP HTTP Standard web traffic
110 TCP POP3 Email retrieval
123 UDP NTP Clock synchronization
135 TCP RPC Microsoft Remote Procedure Call
137–139 UDP/TCP NetBIOS Windows NetBIOS services (name resolution, session services)
143 TCP IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol – email
161, 162 UDP SNMP Device monitoring
389 TCP/UDP LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
443 TCP HTTPS Encrypted HTTP via TLS
445 TCP SMB Windows file/printer sharing
465 TCP SMTPS Secure SMTP (over SSL)
514 UDP Syslog Logging protocol for network devices
587 TCP SMTP Submission Mail submission with STARTTLS
636 TCP LDAPS Secure LDAP (over SSL)
993 TCP IMAPS Secure IMAP (over SSL)
995 TCP POP3S Secure POP3 (over SSL)
1433 TCP MSSQL Microsoft SQL Server
1521 TCP Oracle DB Oracle Database listener
1723 TCP PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (VPN)
1883 TCP MQTT Lightweight messaging protocol for IoT
2049 TCP/UDP NFS Network File System
3128 TCP Squid Proxy Default Squid proxy port
3306 TCP MySQL MySQL database service
3389 TCP RDP Windows remote access
3690 TCP SVN Subversion version control
4444 TCP Metasploit Common port for reverse shells and Metasploit handlers
5060 UDP/TCP SIP Session Initiation Protocol – VoIP signaling
5900 TCP VNC Virtual Network Computing remote desktop
5985, 5986 TCP WinRM Windows Remote Management – HTTP/HTTPS
6379 TCP Redis In-memory key-value data store
8000 TCP HTTP-Alt Alternate HTTP services
8080 TCP HTTP-Alt Proxy or alternate web services
8443 TCP HTTPS-Alt Alternate HTTPS with TLS
9000 TCP PHP-FPM FastCGI Process Manager for PHP
9200 TCP Elasticsearch REST API for Elasticsearch nodes
11211 TCP Memcached High-performance caching system
27017 TCP MongoDB NoSQL database used in many web apps

IPv6 Considerations[edit | edit source]

Diagnostic & Monitoring Tools[edit | edit source]

Packet Crafting & Manipulation[edit | edit source]

Tunneling & Encapsulation[edit | edit source]

Network Security Devices & Controls[edit | edit source]

Packet Capture & Analysis[edit | edit source]

  • tcpdump, Wireshark, pcap files
  • Common filters: `tcp.port == 80`, `ip.addr == 192.168.1.1`, `dns.qry.name`

Network Mapping & Visualization[edit | edit source]

Protocol References[edit | edit source]

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