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== IP Addresses and Subnet Masks == An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits. A subnet mask determines how many bits define the network portion and how many are reserved for hosts. Examples of subnet divisions: * `/23` β 255.255.254.0 β 510 usable hosts * `/26` β 255.255.255.192 β 62 usable hosts * `/30` β 255.255.255.252 β 2 usable hosts Smaller subnets reduce broadcast impact and expose fewer devices to lateral access. Each octet in a subnet mask ranges from 0 to 255, depending on how many bits are allocated to the network portion.
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